Neurosurgery is the surgical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and cerebrovascular system. Despite the name, neurosurgeons treat both surgical and many nonsurgical neurological conditions.
Common areas of neurosurgery include:
Brain tumors – removal or biopsy of benign and malignant tumors.
Traumatic brain injury – treatment of skull fractures, epidural and subdural hematomas, and elevated intracranial pressure.
Spine surgery – herniated discs, spinal stenosis, spinal tumors, fractures, deformities, and instability.
Cerebrovascular surgery – aneurysm clipping, treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and hemorrhagic stroke.
Functional neurosurgery – deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, epilepsy surgery, and chronic pain procedures.
Pediatric neurosurgery – hydrocephalus, spina bifida, craniosynostosis, congenital brain and spinal disorders.
Peripheral nerve surgery – carpal tunnel syndrome, nerve injuries, nerve tumors, and brachial plexus injuries.
Skull base surgery – complex tumors involving the base of the skull, often performed jointly with ENT surgeons.
Common neurosurgical procedures
Craniotomy
Burr hole evacuation
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)
Microdiscectomy
Laminectomy
Spinal fusion
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Aneurysm clipping
Endovascular procedures (performed by endovascular neurosurgeons or interventional neuroradiologists)